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Hailongtun Fortress in Zunyi
Hai Long Tun fortress was firstly constructed in 1257 A.D. during the Southern 
Song Dynasty's Baoyou emperor era, and was destroyed in 1600 A.D. during the Ming Dynasty's Suppression War Campaign. This site stands as a crucial cultural relic of the Yang family's king system of Tusi in southwestern Bozhou prefecture, spanning the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties. The fortress features nine strategic passes: six front passes (Tongzhu Pass, Tiezhu Pass, Feihu Pass, Feilong Pass, Chaotian Pass, and Feifeng Pass) and three rear passes (Wan 'an Pass, Erdao Pass, and Toudao Pass). More than a military stronghold, Hai Long Tun is now a living testament to Tusi civilization etched into the landscape. From the winding earthen walls of Baoyou emperor's era to the crumbling fortifications of Wanli emperor's reign, these remnants vividly document the evolution of frontier governance, serving as a three-dimensional chronicle of China's unification process.
On July 4, 2015, Hailongtun was inscribed on the World Heritage List at the 39th session of the World Heritage Committee, and it remains the only World Cultural Heritage site in Guizhou Province till now.
Historical Evolution:
Bozhou prefecture was established in 639 A.D. during the Tang Dynasty's Zhenguan
emperor era. In 876 A.D., Mr. Yang Duan, the patriarch of the Yang Family, arrived in Bozhou, initiating a 725-year hereditary rule spanning 27 generations and 30 kings. The Hailongtun fortress was first constructed in 1257 A.D. under Mr. Yang Wen, the 15th-generation leader of Yang Family, as a "national defense project" approved by the Southern Song court during the Song-Mongol Wars. It was later rebuilt during Wanli emperor period in Ming Dynasty. After the Suppression War Campaign in 1600 AD, Bozhou prefecture transitioned from a native Tusi Autonomous administration to a centralized administrative system.
Main remains:
As one of the best-preserved ancient military architectural relics in China and even Asia, the site area of Hailongtun fortress covers 1,288.21 hectares, with the heritage area covering 160.42 hectares. The existing remains mainly include defensive facilities (5,838 meters of city walls, 9 gates including Iron Pillar Pass, Copper Pillar Pass, Flying Tiger Pass, Flying Dragon Pass, Chaotian Pass, Flying Phoenix Pass, Wan'an Pass, West Gate, Rear Gate, as well as barracks, drill grounds, and multiple watchtowers), administrative and living facilities ("New Palace Ruins" and "Old Palace Ruins"), handicraft facilities (kiln sites and quarries), transportation facilities (36-step stairs, Dragon-Tiger Avenue, etc.), well sites, and over 15,000 unearthed artifacts. The archaeological findings at Hailongtun reflect the political, economic, and cultural landscape of the ancient Bozhou region from the Southern Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty over several centuries.
Heritage value:
As a representative material evidence of the Tusi system implemented in the multi-ethnic regions of southwestern ancient China, the Hailongtun Site demonstrates the exchange of human values between the central government and local ethnic groups in terms of cultural inheritance and national identity. It bears witness to the unique management wisdom of ancient China as a unified multi-ethnic state in the mountainous regions of southwestern China, characterized by "uniform governance and education, and administration according to local customs." This management wisdom promoted the sustainable development of ethnic regions, contributed to the long-term unity of the nation, and holds significant importance in preserving the diversity of ethnic cultures. The Tusi system reflected in the Hailongtun Site is outstandingly representative in terms of the era-specific characteristics and historical-cultural connotations of human social development. As a World Cultural Heritage site, the Tusi ruins of ancient China hold important historical and scientific significance in carrying the political and cultural identity of a unified multi-ethnic state.
Ancient China continued the great integration of the Chinese nation through the implementation of the flexible controlling governance policy and the Tusi Autonomous Ruin system. The Tusi system was a product of specific historical conditions, adapting to the needs of frontier governance and social integration of the dynasty state. Through a series of institutional constructions and practices, it promoted the governance and development of frontier regions, serving as a vivid manifestation of the integrated development of Chinese civilization. The flexible governance policy, Tusi system, and the reform of replacing native Tusi with officials implemented by ancient China in frontier regions demonstrated characteristics of adapting to local conditions, timing, and trends, showcasing the wisdom of national governance and promoting further unification under a pluralistic pattern. The Tusi system is a "living fossil of frontier governance." Its implementation and reforms drove changes in the frontier system, strengthened the connection between the frontier and the interior, enhanced political unity, consolidated the economic and cultural foundations of "great unification," fostered cultural identity among various ethnic groups, and contributed to the cultivation of a sense of community among the Chinese nation. It became an important historical factor for frontier stability and harmonious ethnic relations.
Hailongtun Tour Map
Song Dynasty's Baoyou emperor era, and was destroyed in 1600 A.D. during the Ming Dynasty's Suppression War Campaign. This site stands as a crucial cultural relic of the Yang family's king system of Tusi in southwestern Bozhou prefecture, spanning the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties. The fortress features nine strategic passes: six front passes (Tongzhu Pass, Tiezhu Pass, Feihu Pass, Feilong Pass, Chaotian Pass, and Feifeng Pass) and three rear passes (Wan 'an Pass, Erdao Pass, and Toudao Pass). More than a military stronghold, Hai Long Tun is now a living testament to Tusi civilization etched into the landscape. From the winding earthen walls of Baoyou emperor's era to the crumbling fortifications of Wanli emperor's reign, these remnants vividly document the evolution of frontier governance, serving as a three-dimensional chronicle of China's unification process.On July 4, 2015, Hailongtun was inscribed on the World Heritage List at the 39th session of the World Heritage Committee, and it remains the only World Cultural Heritage site in Guizhou Province till now.
Historical Evolution:
Bozhou prefecture was established in 639 A.D. during the Tang Dynasty's Zhenguan
emperor era. In 876 A.D., Mr. Yang Duan, the patriarch of the Yang Family, arrived in Bozhou, initiating a 725-year hereditary rule spanning 27 generations and 30 kings. The Hailongtun fortress was first constructed in 1257 A.D. under Mr. Yang Wen, the 15th-generation leader of Yang Family, as a "national defense project" approved by the Southern Song court during the Song-Mongol Wars. It was later rebuilt during Wanli emperor period in Ming Dynasty. After the Suppression War Campaign in 1600 AD, Bozhou prefecture transitioned from a native Tusi Autonomous administration to a centralized administrative system.Main remains:
As one of the best-preserved ancient military architectural relics in China and even Asia, the site area of Hailongtun fortress covers 1,288.21 hectares, with the heritage area covering 160.42 hectares. The existing remains mainly include defensive facilities (5,838 meters of city walls, 9 gates including Iron Pillar Pass, Copper Pillar Pass, Flying Tiger Pass, Flying Dragon Pass, Chaotian Pass, Flying Phoenix Pass, Wan'an Pass, West Gate, Rear Gate, as well as barracks, drill grounds, and multiple watchtowers), administrative and living facilities ("New Palace Ruins" and "Old Palace Ruins"), handicraft facilities (kiln sites and quarries), transportation facilities (36-step stairs, Dragon-Tiger Avenue, etc.), well sites, and over 15,000 unearthed artifacts. The archaeological findings at Hailongtun reflect the political, economic, and cultural landscape of the ancient Bozhou region from the Southern Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty over several centuries.
Heritage value:
As a representative material evidence of the Tusi system implemented in the multi-ethnic regions of southwestern ancient China, the Hailongtun Site demonstrates the exchange of human values between the central government and local ethnic groups in terms of cultural inheritance and national identity. It bears witness to the unique management wisdom of ancient China as a unified multi-ethnic state in the mountainous regions of southwestern China, characterized by "uniform governance and education, and administration according to local customs." This management wisdom promoted the sustainable development of ethnic regions, contributed to the long-term unity of the nation, and holds significant importance in preserving the diversity of ethnic cultures. The Tusi system reflected in the Hailongtun Site is outstandingly representative in terms of the era-specific characteristics and historical-cultural connotations of human social development. As a World Cultural Heritage site, the Tusi ruins of ancient China hold important historical and scientific significance in carrying the political and cultural identity of a unified multi-ethnic state.
Ancient China continued the great integration of the Chinese nation through the implementation of the flexible controlling governance policy and the Tusi Autonomous Ruin system. The Tusi system was a product of specific historical conditions, adapting to the needs of frontier governance and social integration of the dynasty state. Through a series of institutional constructions and practices, it promoted the governance and development of frontier regions, serving as a vivid manifestation of the integrated development of Chinese civilization. The flexible governance policy, Tusi system, and the reform of replacing native Tusi with officials implemented by ancient China in frontier regions demonstrated characteristics of adapting to local conditions, timing, and trends, showcasing the wisdom of national governance and promoting further unification under a pluralistic pattern. The Tusi system is a "living fossil of frontier governance." Its implementation and reforms drove changes in the frontier system, strengthened the connection between the frontier and the interior, enhanced political unity, consolidated the economic and cultural foundations of "great unification," fostered cultural identity among various ethnic groups, and contributed to the cultivation of a sense of community among the Chinese nation. It became an important historical factor for frontier stability and harmonious ethnic relations.
Hailongtun Tour Map
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